Human Rights: Social Justice in the Age of the Market

موضوع: Human Rights Without Foundations 22/5/2010, 8:17 pm

Human Rights Without Foundations
Joseph Raz
Columbia Law School; University of Oxford - Faculty of Law
March 2007
Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No. 14/2007

Abstract:
Using the accounts of Gewirth and Griffin as examples, the article criticises accounts of human rights as those are understood in human rights practices, which regard them as rights all human beings have in virtue of their humanity. Instead it suggests that (with Rawls) human rights set the limits to the sovereignty of the state, but criticises Rawls conflation of sovereignty with legitimate authority. The resulting conception takes human rights, like other rights, to be contingent on social conditions, and in particular on the nature of the international system.

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Local Government and Human Rights: Doing Good Service
ICHRP International Council on Human Rights Policy
International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP)
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS: DOING GOOD SERVICE, ICHRP, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005

Abstract:
Health, education, water supply, housing, policing, roads: the services that local governments deliver determine our quality of life. As states decentralise, moreover, the influence of local governments is increasing almost everywhere. Local Government and Human Rights: Doing Good Service suggests how human rights principles and methods can strengthen public accountability and participation and assist officials to plan, implement and evaluate services for which they are responsible. Used thoughtfully, the framework provides practical, specific tools that can help local governments to be effective.

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Human Rights: Social Justice in the Age of the Market - صفحة 2 000aa7d1_medium

How Educational Ideologies Are Shaping Global Society:
Intergovernmental Organizations, NGOs, and the Decline of the Nation-State
Joel Spring
Lawrence Erlbaum 2004
264 pages
1.6 mb

In this book, Joel Spring explores three major international educational ideologies that are shaping global society: neo-liberal educational ideology, human rights education, and environmentalism. He synthesizes and analyzes the effect of these education

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موضوع: Arbitrating Human Rights 22/5/2010, 8:22 pm

Arbitrating Human Rights
Roger Paul Alford
Pepperdine University - School of Law
Notre Dame Law Review, Vol. 83, p. 505, 2008

Abstract:
The article addresses the vexing problem of holding corporations liable for assisting in the sovereign abuse of human rights. Currently domestic human rights litigation against corporations appears to be a proxy fight in which the accomplice is pursued while the principal evades punishment. Typically the principal malfeasor - the sovereign - is immune from suit because of foreign sovereign immunity. But corporations can be found liable for aiding and abetting those violations.

This article suggests a solution to this problem, drawing on principles from contract law and arbitration. If a corporation is found liable for aiding and abetting sovereign abuse, it may invoke contractual provisions in the agreement with the sovereign to arbitrate the question of shared responsibility. While the victims may not pursue the sovereign because of immunity, there is no impediment for a corporate joint malfeasor to pursue the sovereign in arbitration to secure its share of liability, either in the form of contribution or indemnification. In short, human rights litigation against the corporation could lead to "who pays" cross-claim arbitration against the sovereign. Using Guido Calabresi's scheme of cost avoidance, this approach establishes a system of cost avoidance for human rights, in which corporations incur costs, and then seek to transfer those costs to the cheapest cost avoider - the sovereign.

But the tools of contract law and arbitration are not simply for the corporation that aids and abets human rights abuse. They also are available to the majority of corporations that are good corporate citizens. For these corporations, contract law and arbitration procedures create opportunities to impose human rights obligations on transnational contractors, vendors, and suppliers. Human rights obligations can be internalized by contract and subjected to effective dispute resolution procedures, including international arbitration.

Finally, some corporations may wish to go even further and create opportunities for non-contracting parties - such as employees or NGOs - to invoke third party beneficiary rights to facilitate compliance with human rights obligations embedded in the contract. These corporations thereby can incorporate a mechanism for those third parties to initiate an effective dispute resolution process to address core human rights concerns.

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Human Rights: Social Justice in the Age of the Market - صفحة 2 1270100977-51dug58hgvl

International Human Rights Litigations in U.S. Courts
By Beth Stephens, Judith Chomsky, Jennifer Green, Paul Hoffman, Michael Ratner
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers / Brill Academic, 2008
619 Pages

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Human Rights and the World Bank: Practice, Politics, and Law
By David Kinley
University of Sydney - Faculty of Law
The World Bank Legal Review: Law, Equity, and Development, pp. 353-383
Sydney Law School Research Paper No. 07/11

Abstract:
This article is about the plurality of international human rights law; it explores the political, policy, and practical dimensions of human rights law as they relate to the work of the World Bank. It is situated within the broad debate of the role of human rights in aid and development policy, and also within the more particular discussion of the place of human rights in the strategic thinking and operational practices of the World Bank.

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Human Rights: Social Justice in the Age of the Market - صفحة 2 1270480067-51v-9jyserl

Killing in a Gray Area between Humanitarian Law and Human Rights
How Can the National Police of Colombia Overcome the Uncertainty of Which Branch of International Law to Apply?
By Jan R?mer
Springer, 2010
184 Pages

Armed forces can be confronted with the problem of correctly classifying a targeted group as one that is or is not party to an armed conflict. In particular, this happens in a context of a high level of violence where a non-international armed conflict is (likely) occurring at the same time, such as in Iraq, Afghanistan, Brazil or Mexico. The difficulty of qualifying the targeted group leads to a legal uncertainty in which it is unclear whether an operation is governed by international humanitarian law or the international law of human rights. The problem is of particular interest when lethal force is resorted to, as killing might be illegal under one of the two branches. The book attempts to pre guidance on how this uncertainty can be overcome. In order to do so, the requirements to kill under IHL and human rights law are analyzed and compared, as well as assessed in concrete operations of the National Police of Colombia who face this problem on a regular basis.

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موضوع: Is the Environment a Human Rights Issue? 22/5/2010, 8:30 pm

Is the Environment a Human Rights Issue?
Donald K. Anton
Australian National University - ANU College of Law; University of Michigan - Law School
April 29, 2008
ANU College of Law Research Paper No. 08-11

Abstract:
The following is an introductory chapter from a forthcoming teaching text on Human Rights and the Environment by Donald K. Anton & Dinah Shelton. Feedback is welcome.

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Human Rights: Social Justice in the Age of the Market - صفحة 2 000bc61e_medium

Foreign Investment, Human Rights and the Environment
Puvimanasinghe S.F.
BRILL 2007
284 pages
3,4 MB

Events like the Bhopal disaster, the sale of products harmful to human health and safety, and child labour, especially in resource-scarce settings, raise fundamental issues of human dignity and ecological integrity. From a legal perspective, and in the context of Foreign Direct Investment by Transnational Corporations in developing countries, they highlight the lacuna of a holistic international legal framework and its implementation.

This book embodies a critique of the complex web of public international law principles on economics, human rights and the environment, and their convergence or lack thereof, related regional (South Asian) and domestic (Sri Lankan) legal arrangements, interventions of states and non-state actors towards just, equitable and sustainable development. It is a quest for a middle path in the multidisciplinary landscape of international law, development and North-South power dynamics; globalization of free trade and investment and of social and environmental interests; and salient aspects of the philosophical, socio-economic and legal fabric of South Asia, viewed against the evolving, controversial and elastic sphere of international relations and law where consensus has hitherto been an elusive dream.

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موضوع: Poverty and International Human Rights Law 22/5/2010, 8:34 pm

Poverty and International Human Rights Law
Irene Hadiprayitno
Law and Governance Group
June 23-26, 2003
Proceeding of the International CERES Summer Conference 2003

Abstract:
It is very important to notice the problem of poverty as a problem of international human rights law. Poverty degrades the human dignity which is the main idea of human rights. Human rights exist to protect the human from any deprivation with a legal context. It is therefore poverty under international human rights law, seen as violation of civil, political, economic, cultural, and social rights, which require a legal commitment of each responsible actors and entitled the poor people as the right holders to pursue its rights.

This paper is focus on the human rights face of poverty by indicating the rights which are violated under the such condition and the resulting obligations of the duty bearers to eradicate poverty, both nationally and internationally. It will look particularly on human rights obligation carried out by the United Nations on the basis of International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, and Declaration of the Right to Development.

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