Human Rights: Social Justice in the Age of the Market

Human Rights: Social Justice in the Age of the Market
Koen De Feyter
Zed Books 2006
256 pages
1.88 MB

Koen De Feyter, who has chaired Amnesty International's Working Group on economic, social and cultural rights, shows the many ways in which rampant market economics in today's world leads to violations of human rights. He questions how far the present-day international human rights system really provides effective protection against the adverse effects of globalization. This accessible and thought-provoking book shows both human rights activists and participants in the anti-globalization movement that there is a large, but hitherto untapped, overlap in their agendas, and real potential for a strategic alliance between them in joint campaigns around issues they share.

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موضوع: Catching the Wind - Human Rights 22/5/2010, 7:23 pm

Catching the Wind - Human Rights
Tenth Anniversary Report
ICHRP International Council on Human Rights Policy
International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP)
CATCHING THE WIND - HUMAN RIGHTS, ICHRP, Geneva, Switzerland, 2007

Abstract:
This report reviews major trends in society and human rights since the International Council on Human Rights Policy was first conceived in the early 1990s and looks forward to some of the new challenges that will require human rights attention in coming years.

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A Handbook of International Human Rights Terminology
M. Victor Conde
University of Nebraska Press 2004
394 pages
15,5 mb

The Handbook is a helpful, wide ranging aide to the study and understanding of human rights. It is designed for those just beginning their studies in human rights, especially to help them understand the sometimes complex language of human rights discourse…. The wide selection of terms being defined should answer the needs of most students--and many practitioners.

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When Legal Worlds Overlap Human Rights, State and Non-State Law
ICHRP International Council on Human Rights Policy
International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP)
WHEN LEGAL WORLDS OVERLAP HUMAN RIGHTS, STATE AND NON-STATE LAW, ICHRP, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009

Abstract:
This report highlights human rights impacts and dilemmas associated with plural state and non-state laws, such as family laws based on religion, customary justice practices and Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms. Drawing on examples of such plural legal orders from around the world, it proposes principles and a framework to guide human rights practitioners and policy-makers.

The report also identifies challenges related to incorporation of non-state law in state law, recognition of cultural differences in law, and justice sector reform. Emphasising the contested nature of culture, especially when dealing with gender equality, religious freedom and indigenous peoples’ rights, it calls for evidence-based assessments of plural legal orders that give special attention to people on the margins of state and non-state law, and equality between and within communities.

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موضوع: Human Rights and Law Enforcement 22/5/2010, 7:29 pm

Human Rights: Social Justice in the Age of the Market Coverwvb

Human Rights and Law Enforcement
A Trainer's Guide on Human Rights for the Police
By United Nations
United Nations Publications, 2003
216 Pages:

This Trainer's Guide provides session outlines on a full range of human rights topics including group exercises, instructions and tips for trainers. It also contains overhead transparencies used in conducting police training courses. The package also includes a training manual and a pocket book of human rights standards for police. The package is designed to provide all the necessary elements to conduct human rights training programmes for law enforcement officials in line the approach developed by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

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موضوع: Three Human Rights Agendas 22/5/2010, 7:31 pm

Three Human Rights Agendas
David A. Reidy
University of Tennessee - Department of Philosophy
Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence, Vol. 19, No. 2, 2006

Abstract:
In this paper I distinguish between three conceptions of human rights and thus three human rights agendas. Each is compatible with the others, but distinguishing each from the others has important theoretical and practical advantages. The first conception concerns those human rights tied to natural duties binding all persons to one another independent of and prior to any institutional context and the violation of which would 'shock the conscience' of any morally competent person.

The second concerns the institutional conditions necessary and sufficient for particularist legal and political obligations to take on prima facie moral force so that the members of different polities face one another in an asymmetric moral relationship, with each side having a rightful claim to political self-determination.

The third concerns those human rights arising exclusively as a matter of positive international law out of the voluntary undertakings of legitimate polities within the international order. Each of these different conceptions is tied to a different human rights agenda. The second is tied to the struggle to realize recognitional norms of legitimacy within the international order. The third is tied to the ongoing effort to incorporate into positive international law through voluntary initiative an ever expanding moral consensus between legitimate polities. The first is tied to the emerging practice of humanitarian intervention and system of international criminal liability. Thus, while all human rights share certain features - they're universal, and so on - human rights differ in important ways. Attending to these differences would likely improve both the theory and practice of human rights.

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موضوع: The Liberal Project and Human Rights 22/5/2010, 7:33 pm

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The Liberal Project and Human Rights
The Theory and Practice of a New World Order
John Charvet, Elisa Kaczynska-Nay
Cambridge University Press 2008
446 pages
1.9 MB

The 'Liberal Project' aims to transform society in accordance with liberal values and practices. This volume argues that the United Nations regime on human rights is an attempt to realise this project on an international level. The authors provide an engaging theoretical and historical context for this argument, defining the concept of liberalism, its origins and evolution, and identify it as a universal value that constitutes the very essence of the international human rights regime. The book explores the possibility of a cross-cultural consensus on the issue being reached, but problems of sovereignty and nationalism are also discussed as potential obstacles to the Liberal Project's completion. This penetrating and insightful work will appeal to a wide range of scholars and students interested in liberalism and human rights from the fields of international relations, law, political theory and political philosophy.

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موضوع: An Internationalist Conception of Human Rights 22/5/2010, 7:35 pm

An Internationalist Conception of Human Rights
David A. Reidy, J.D., Ph.D.
University of Tennessee - Department of Philosophy
Philosophical Forum, Vol. 36, pp. 367-397

Abstract:
I develop and defend a conception of human rights as constituting the answer to a fundamental practical question of foreign policy faced by liberal democracies around the world: When is a government the agent of a determinate people capable of committing that people to this or that by way of treaty or other voluntary undertaking within international law? I do not argue that this is the only important conception of human rights; I do argue that it is a conception that ought to have a certain primacy in a normative theory of international relations.

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Talking About Terroism
Risks and Choices for Human Rights Organizations
International Council on Human Rights Policy 2008
pages 113
0,58 mb

This report is based on an international seminar which the International Council on Human Rights Policy organised in Lahore, Pakistan, in May 2005 on the occasion of its annual assembly.

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موضوع: Defining 'Terrorism' to Protect Human Rights 22/5/2010, 7:42 pm

Defining 'Terrorism' to Protect Human Rights
Ben Saul
University of Sydney - Faculty of Law
INTERROGATING THE WAR ON TERROR: INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVE, D. Staines, ed., pp. 190-210, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, UK, 2007
Sydney Law School Research Paper No. 08/125

Abstract:
This paper first considers the policy reasons for why the international community should define terrorism, focusing on arguments that terrorism:
a) seriously violates human rights
b) jeopardizes the State, deliberative politics and the constitutional order which sustains rights
c) is politically or publicly motivated violence distinguishable from private violence
d) threatens international peace and security
e) requires definition to control the operation of mandatory Security Council measures since 2001, which have empowered States to unilaterally define and criminalize terrorism to suit their own sovereign interests.

Secondly, this paper briefly outlines recent proposals for an international definition of terrorism before extrapolating the basic elements of an international definition of terrorism from the policy reasons for definition discussed in the first part of this chapter. Finally, claims that certain conduct should be excluded from any definition of terrorism are considered. A coherent legal definition of terrorism might help to confine the misuse of the term by national governments against their political opponents and in ways which seriously undermine fundamental human rights.

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موضوع: The Political Economy of Human Rights Enforcement 22/5/2010, 7:44 pm

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The Political Economy of Human Rights Enforcement
Moral and Intellectual Leadership in the Context of Global Hegemony
Ivan Manokha
Palgrave Macmillan 2008
304 pages
1,1 MB

This book examines humanitarian interventions in the post-Cold War era within the context of the development of global capitalism. It argues that protection of human rights is a noble idea and it is often our duty to use force to uphold these rights. However, Ivan Manokha shows that within the context of the late-modern world characterised by a global form of capitalism such attempts to promote and protect human rights have an unintended consequence of contributing to the perpetuation of poverty and poverty-related problems resulting from the functioning of the global political economy.

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Human Rights at Home: Domestic Violence as a Human Rights Violation
Caroline Bettinger-Lopez
Columbia Law School
Columbia Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 40, pp. 19-77, 2008

Abstract:
In 2005, Jessica Lenahan (formerly Gonzales) initiated the first international legal action against the United States for violating the human rights of a domestic violence victim. Ms. Lenahan's petition to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Jessica Gonzales v. United States, alleged that the Castle Rock, Colorado police failed to protect her from the violent acts of her estranged husband, despite the guarantees contained in her restraining order against him, and that the U.S. judicial system (including the U.S. Supreme Court, which rejected her 14th Amendment procedural due process claim in June 2005) denied her a remedy for law enforcement's failure to respond appropriately to her. Through these actions, she contended, the U.S. government was responsible for violations of the American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man - specifically the rights to life, security, family, due process, equality, truth, and freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment. The U.S. government, represented by the State Department, has vigorously defended itself in the case, which is now at the final stage - the merits stage. A decision is expected in mid-2009.

Jessica Gonzales v. United States marks the first time the Commission has been asked to consider the nature and extent of the U.S. Government's affirmative obligations to protect individuals from private acts of discriminatory violence. The case gives the Commission the opportunity to hold the United States to well-established international standards on state responsibility to exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate, and punish human rights violations and protect and compensate victims. The Gonzales case offers advocates the opportunity to contrast existing U.S. law and policy in the civil rights arena with international human rights principles. While the former provides only limited opportunities for private relief against governmental officers and has suffered a significant rollback in recent years, the latter holds federal, state, and local government actors to a higher and more expansive standard. Indeed, international human rights principles - in contrast to U.S. constitutional jurisprudence - make clear that the government has an affirmative obligation to protect individuals from private acts of violence, to investigate alleged violations and publicly report the results, and to provide an adequate and effective remedy when these duties are breached.

The Gonzales case has also facilitated the mobilization of new coalitions among women's rights and domestic violence advocacy groups. By framing domestic violence as a human rights violation, the case challenges advocates and policymakers to re-think the current approach to domestic violence in the U.S., and asks whether fundamental rights are being respected, protected, and fulfilled. This holistic approach has the potential to spur development of new legal theories of governmental accountability for failure to protect domestic violence victims. The human rights framework pushes us to consider whether our country's current response to domestic violence, based largely upon a criminal justice model, is really a one-size-fits-all solution for protecting victims, especially those from communities that have troubled histories with law enforcement.

This article tells the story of Jessica Gonzales's international quest for justice, her initiation of the first international legal action against the United States for violating the human rights of a domestic violence victim, and the impact of her journey on domestic violence and human rights advocacy in the United States and abroad. While her story could not have unfolded without Ms. Gonzales' very personal drive and commitment, it holds the potential to reshape domestic violence advocacy in the United States, and more broadly, the role of human rights standards in the domestic legal landscape.

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Democracy, Human Rights and Law in Islamic Thought
Mohammad Abed al-Jabri
I. B. Tauris 2009
256 pages
3,1 MB

Mohammad Abed al-Jabri is one of the most influential political philosophers in the contemporary Middle East. A critical rationalist in the tradition of Avincenna and Averroes, he emphasizes the distinctive political and cultural heritage of the Arab world while rejecting the philosophical discourses that have been used to obscure its democratic deficit. This volume introduces an English-language audience for the first time to writings that have had a major impact on Arab political thought.

Wide-ranging in scope yet focused in detail, these essays interrogate concepts such as democracy, law, and human rights, looking at how they have been applied in the history of the Arab world, and show that they are determined by political and social context, not by Islamic doctrine. Jabri argues that in order to develop democratic societies in which human rights are respected, the Arab world cannot simply rely on old texts and traditions. Nor can it import democratic models from the West. Instead, he says, a new tradition will have to be forged by today's Arabs themselves, on their own terms.

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موضوع: Human Rights and Liberal Toleration 22/5/2010, 7:50 pm

Human Rights and Liberal Toleration
David A. Reidy, J.D., Ph.D.
University of Tennessee - Department of Philosophy
July 19, 2009

Abstract:
In this paper (revised 8/01/09, revised again 8/07/09)), I respond to Jim Nickel's criticisms of John Rawls's conception of human rights in 'The Law of Peoples.' In the process, and in the context of developing what I take to be a Rawlsian position on human rights, I explore the relationships between human rights and two forms of liberal toleration. I close by noting four fault lines running beneath the surface of a good deal of contemporary theoretical debate over human rights. I suggest that advancing that debate is unlikely absent closer and fuller attention to these fault lines.

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موضوع: Democratization and Human Rights Regimes 22/5/2010, 7:58 pm

Democratization and Human Rights Regimes
Emilie Marie Hafner-Burton
Woodrow Wilson School
Edward Mansfield
University of Pennsylvania - Department of Political Science
Jon C. Pevehouse
University of Chicago - Irving B. Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies

Abstract:
The number of international human rights regimes has risen dramatically in recent decades, as has the number of countries that are party to at least one of them. This development has sparked a heated debate over why states choose to enter regimes designed to establish and monitor compliance with human rights standards. In this paper, we argue that entering a human rights regime can yield substantial benefits for states in the midst of a democratic transition.

Emerging democracies can use the sovereignty costs stemming from participation in such a regime to lock in liberal policies and to signal their intention to consolidate democratic institutions and practices. Moreover, nascent democracies often respond to inducements from other more established democracies to join such organizations. These states are more likely than others to seek out and accept the sovereignty costs arising from human rights regimes. In addition to democratizing countries, stable democracies may also enter these regimes in response to domestic political pressures and in support of broader foreign policy goals. Using a new data set on human rights regimes, we generate some of the first cross-national evidence on why states seek membership. Our results reveal that states engaged in a democratic transition are most likely to join human rights IOs.

Stable democracies are less likely than democratizing countries and there is only scattered evidence that democracies are more likely than other states to enter such organizations. These results accord with our argument that human rights IOs impose greater sovereignty costs on members than treaties, creating incentives for democratizing states that want to promote human rights at home to enter such organizations. By contrast, there is little variation in the extent to which different types of governments join UN human rights treaties because membership imposes fewer costs on the participating countries.

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موضوع: The Limits of Ethics in International Relations 22/5/2010, 8:00 pm

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The Limits of Ethics in International Relations
Natural Law, Natural Rights, and Human Rights in Transition
David Boucher
Oxford University Press, USA 2009
408 Pages
1.6 MB

Ethical constraints on relations among individuals within and between societies have always reflected or invoked a higher authority than the caprices of human will. For over two thousand years Natural Law and Natural Rights were the constellations of ideas and presuppositions that fulfilled this role in the west, and exhibited far greater similarities than most commentators want to admit. Such ideas were the lens through which Europeans evaluated the rest of the world. In his major new book David Boucher rejects the view that Natural Rights constituted a secularisation of Natural Law ideas by showing that most of the significant thinkers in the field, in their various ways, believed that reason leads you to the discovery of your obligations, while God provides the ground for discharging them.

Furthermore, the book maintains that Natural Rights and Human Rights are far less closely related than is often asserted because Natural Rights never cast adrift the religious foundationalism, whereas Human Rights, for the most part, have jettisoned the Christian metaphysics upon which both Natural Law and Natural Rights depended. Human Rights theories, on the whole, present us with foundationless universal constraints on the actions of individuals, both domestically and internationally. Finally, one of the principal contentions of the book is that these purportedly universal rights and duties almost invariably turn out to be conditional, and upon close scrutiny end up being 'special' rights and privileges as the examples of multicultural encounters, slavery and racism, and women's rights demonstrate.

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موضوع: A Behavioral Approach to Human Rights 22/5/2010, 8:01 pm

A Behavioral Approach to Human Rights
Andrew K. Woods
Harvard University
Harvard International Law Journal, Forthcoming

Abstract:
For the last sixty years, scholars and practitioners of international human rights have paid insufficient attention to the ground level social contexts in which human rights norms are imbued with or deprived of social meaning. During the same time period, social science insights have shown that social conditions can have a significant impact on human behavior. This Article is the first to investigate the far ranging implications of behavioralism, especially behavioral insights about social influence, for the international human rights regime. It explores design implications for three broad components of the regime: the content, adjudication, and implementation of human rights. In addition, the Article addresses some of the advantages and limitations of the behavioral approach and identifies the rich but unexplored nexus of behavioralism, norms, and international law.

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موضوع: Courting Social Justice 22/5/2010, 8:03 pm

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Courting Social Justice
Judicial Enforcement of Social and Economic Rights in the Developing World
Varun Gauri, Daniel M. Brinks
Cambridge University Press 2008
384 pages
5 Mb

This book is a first-of-its-kind, five-country empirical study of the causes and consequences of social and economic rights litigation.
The book develops new methodologies for analyzing the sources of and variation in social and economic rights litigation, explains why actors are now turning to the courts to enforce social and economic rights, measures the aggregate impact of litigation in each country, and assesses the relevance of the empirical findings for legal theory.

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موضوع: Human Rights After September 11 22/5/2010, 8:05 pm

Human Rights After September 11
ICHRP International Council on Human Rights Policy
International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP)
HUMAN RIGHTS AFTER SEPTEMBER 11, ICHRP, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002

Abstract:
Human Rights after September 11 discusses changes in the international political environment after the suicide attacks on the United States in 2001. It examines threats to civil liberties, discrimination and the polarisation of public opinion, United States exceptionalism, and some of the large human rights challenges that lie ahead.

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موضوع: Encyclopedia of Human Rights Issues Since 1945 22/5/2010, 8:07 pm

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Encyclopedia of Human Rights Issues Since 1945
Winston E. Langley
Greenwood Press 1999
Pages: 424
5 Mb

This outstanding, comprehensive, and up-to-date encyclopedia on human rights issues since 1945 features more than 400 entries on incidents and violations, instruments and initiatives, countries and human rights activists. Its global scope is ideal for high school and college student research and class debate and for use with Model UN clubs. More than fifty years after the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, much has been accomplished on a global scale, particularly by the United Nations, to protect the rights of all people, but many human rights violations continue to be perpetrated. Langley, an internationally recognized expert on human rights, has provided the most current information on both the progress of human rights activities and the continuing incidents of human rights violations around the globe.

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Human Rights Realization in an Era of Globalization: The Indian Experience
Surya Deva
City University of Hong Kong
Buffalo Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 12, pp. 93-138, 2006

Abstract:
Globalisation, both as a description and a prescription, has provoked several contradictory responses. What is, however, generally agreed that globalisation has serious implications - positive or negative - for the realisation of human rights everywhere, but more so in developing countries. Taking India as illustrative of developing countries, this article tries to demonstrate that globalisation had, and would have, a mixed impact on the realisation of human rights; the negative effects though seem to arise and felt more in developing and under-developed countries. Although as a 'concept' globalisation is not anti-human rights, it cannot be said about globalisation as a 'process', where it interacts with human, non-human and inhuman actors.

The article also proposes some strategies and guiding principles which could help in a successful 'marketing' of human rights in an era of globalisation. In particular, it is argued that the Gandhian Talisma could ensure that the process of globalisation is alive to the human rights of all: one should ask whether the proposed policy or decision would help 'in the first place' those who need such help most.

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Towards New Global Strategies: Public Goods and Human Rights
Andersen, E.A., Lindsnaes, B.
Publisher: BRILL 2007
520 Pages
1.9 MB

This book aims to contribute to the debate on global public goods, a debate which has been taking place for some time in the UN and the World Bank, among the regional development banks and bilaterally among states and donors. There is a need for new visions and strategies and to examine global infrastructure on the basis of the idea that global public goods, including human rights, contribute to cohesion at local, regional and international levels. The book investigates the possibilities and disadvantages of applying the idea of public goods in a global context. It explains the history of the concept and its significance for human rights. The authors include, in addition to academics, representatives from public institutions, civil society organizations, independent consultants, the media and the private sector.

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Human Rights Standards: Learning from Experience
ICHRP International Council on Human Rights Policy
International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP)
HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS: LEARNING FROM EXPERIENCE, ICHRP, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006

Abstract:
Since the Universal Declaration on Human Rights was adopted in 1948, numerous human rights standards have been created at the initiative of states, non-governmental organisations, victims, and other actors. They have transformed international law. Human Rights Standards: Learning from Experience examines the unpredictable history of past standard-setting and the options available to those who advocate new standards in the future. It considers when new standards are needed, the forms they take, where they can be negotiated, and who is involved.

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موضوع: Environment, Human Rights and International Trade 22/5/2010, 8:14 pm

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Environment, Human Rights and International Trade
Hart Publishing 2001
188 pages
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This collection of essays by leading scholars and lawyers engaged in the policy-making process, addresses the underlying tensions and dilemmas of the WTO process and its impact upon the environment and human rights in particular. The contributors search for a balance between legitimate free trade interests and the role and limits of unilateral measures as an instrument to protect non-commercial values. The essays thus range over a host of topical questions including: biosafety in intellectual property rights, trade and labour rights, child labour standards, the EU and WTO, and many other topics.

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Human Rights Claims vs. the State: Is Sovereignty Really Eroding
Chandra Lekha Sriram
University of Maryland - School of Law
Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Rights Law, Vol. 1, 2006
U of Maryland Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2005-67

Abstract:
It is often argued that the increase in agreements, specialized courts, and litigation protecting human rights or responding to past abuses of human rights has begun to erode sovereignty. Contrary to traditional principles of non-interference in internal affairs, it is argued, genuine protection of human rights involves an invasion of the sovereign preserve of the state. While many examples might be adduced in support of this claim, ranging from the ad hoc criminal tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda to the European Court of Human Rights, this article examines two types of transnational procedures: civil accountability through the use of the Alien Tort Claims Act in the US, and criminal accountability through the exercise of universal jurisdiction in a number of European countries. This article suggests that even in situations where courts of one country are in essence sitting in judgment upon actions taken by state officials in other countries, significant protections of sovereignty remain. Specifically, state and official immunity remain significant obstacles to pursuit of key rights abusers. These immunities, recently re-affirmed by the International Court of Justice in the DRC v. Belgium case, are also routinely respected by national courts.

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