الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا -

عدل سابقا من قبل algohiny في 17/3/2010, 4:19 pm عدل 3 مرات

يسعدنى أن أقدم لجميع الباحثين المهتمين بمجال حقوق الإنسان، أكبر تجميعة للكتب والدراسات الأجنبية الحديثة فى هذا المجال، رغبة فى خدمة العلم والباحثين الجادين
ولا أرجو منكم إلا الدعاء الصالح بظهر الغيب
ونبدأ على بركة الله بالكتاب الأول، ثم تتوالى بعد ذلك فى المشاركات التالية باقى الكتب والدراسات

الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 001290ce_medium

الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 001290ce_medium

The Politics of Human Rights Protection
Jan Knippers Black
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 2009
294 Pages
1.6 MB

This important work argues that human rights abuse is not necessarily about distant places and peoples, and it is neither incomprehensible nor inevitable. Despite seeming consensus about the importance of human rights protection, abuse--based in inequality--continues to expand. This empowering book seeks to break through barriers of ignorance, apathy, denial, and despair that allow decent people to tolerate indecent acts by their governments, and to arm a new generation of human rights advocates with analytical and strategic tools to prevent future atrocities.

الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 9bf3b4e178al3pb9

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الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 2sz6

Defining the Relationship between Corruption and Human Rights
James Thuo Gathii
Albany Law School
February, 13 2009
الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 2sz6

Abstract:
The relationship between corruption and human rights is only beginning to be seriously examined. A major premise of the ongoing research argues that corruption disables a State from meeting its obligations to respect, fulfill and protect the human rights of its citizens.
This study explores two other relationships between human rights and corruption. First, by showing how individualistic and procedural rights have been used to defeat investigations and prosecutions of corruption by high level governmental officials. Second, in demonstrating how anti-corruption reforms have primarily targeted the promotion of market efficiency while reducing spending in meeting basic needs and rights such as health and education inconsistently with the social and economic rights of the poor and marginalized. These findings are significant since they show that the relationship between corruption and human rights extends beyond showing corruption disables States from meeting their human rights obligations. Indeed, human rights can be used in support of or against corruption.
The thrust of the recommendations made in this study are premised on an approach to human rights that offers the maximum potential for the democratization of the Kenyan State through transformative constitutional and institutional reforms. In addition, this can be done by expanding human rights concerns to include as a central agenda the social and economic rights of the poor and marginalized as well as minority rights and safeguards.

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عدل سابقا من قبل algohiny في 20/2/2010, 4:17 pm عدل 1 مرات

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Land, Law and Islam: Property and Human Rights in the Muslim World
Siraj Sait, Hilary Lim
Zed Books 2006
288 pages
1.91 MB

In this pioneering work, Siraj Sait and Hilary Lim address Islamic property and land rights drawing on a range of socio-historical, classical and contemporary debates and their practice. They address the significance of Islamic theories of property and Islamic land tenure regimes on the "webs of tenure" prevalent in the Muslim societies. They consider the possibilities with Islamic legal and human rights systems for the development of inclusive, pro-poor and innovative approaches to land rights. They also focus on Muslim women's rights to property and inheritance systems. Engaging with institutions such as the Islamic endowment (waqf) and principles of Islamic microfinance, they test the workability of "authentic" Islamic proposals. Located in human rights as well as Islamic debates, this study offers a well researched and constructive appraisal of property and land rights in the Muslim world.

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Corruption and Human Rights: Making the Connection
ICHRP International Council on Human Rights Policy
International Council on Human Rights Policy (ICHRP)
Geneva, Switzerland, 2009
الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 2sz6

Abstract:
In recent years, governments and international organisations have taken many initiatives to reduce corruption. However, the issue has rarely been analysed from the point of view of human rights. Therefore, in 2007 the Council commenced a project focused on the connection between corruption and human rights. The project aims to assist organisations that prosecute or support anti-corruption policies to apply human rights effectively to strengthen their programmes; to make human rights bodies and mechanisms more accessible to those who work to end corruption; and to make anti-corruption methods and practices more accessible to human rights advocates.
This report, Corruption and Human Rights: Making the Connection, develops a conceptual framework enabling users to describe, in specific terms, how violations of human rights may be linked to particular acts of corruption. It sets out why those working on corruption and those working on human rights have reasons to cooperate, and delineates the main features of the two traditions of practice. It also builds links between specific acts of corruption and specific violations of rights – recognising that the links are sometimes indirect and that in some cases corruption may not violate human rights, strictly understood.
Using a conceptual framework for assessing when particular acts of corruption violate human rights, this report shows how organisations can promote human rights while working to end corruption.

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Parliamentary Sovereignty and the Human Rights Act
Alison L. Young
Hart Publishing (UK) 2008
180 pages
1 MB

The Human Rights Act 1998 is criticised for providing a weak protection of human rights. The principle of parliamentary legislative supremacy prevents entrenchment, meaning that courts cannot overturn legislation passed after the Act that contradicts Convention rights. This book investigates this assumption, arguing that the principle of parliamentary legislative supremacy is sufficiently flexible to enable a stronger protection of human rights, which can replicate the effect of entrenchment. Nevertheless, it is argued that the current protection should not be strengthened. If correctly interpreted, the Human Rights Act can facilitate democratic dialogue that enables courts to perform their proper correcting function to protect rights from abuse, whilst enabling the legislature to authoritatively determine contestable issues surrounding the extent to which human rights should be protected alongside other rights, interests and goals of a particular society. This understanding of the Human Rights Act also provides a different justification for the preservation of Dicey's conception of parliamentary sovereignty in the UK Constitution.

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Human Rights in Crisis: Is There No Answer to Human Violence?
Author Stork, Peter Robert
Institution Australian Catholic University 2006
الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 2sz6

Abstract

The study attempts to bring together the mimetic theory of René Girard and the theology of Raymund Schwager to address questions inherent in the contemporary notion of human rights. The impetus derives from the phenomenon of human violence, the universal presence of which points to a problematic that seems to defy conventional explanations and political solutions. In dialogue with Girard and Schwager, the project seeks to shed light on the causes not only of the apparent fragility of the human rights system, but also of the persistence with which large-scale human rights violations recur despite the proliferation of human rights norms. It argues that the human rights crisis is neither an accident nor a shortfall in techniques of implementation, but reflects the subconscious and collective structure of civilization. Following a description of the crisis, this investigation examines the nature of human violence, especially the contagious manner in which it works at the root of the crisis, offering understanding where conventional anthropological reflections fall short. The study argues with Girard that vengeance and retribution resonate deeply with the human psyche and easily evoke an archaic image of the divine. While this arouses moral protest in the post-modern mind, we meet here one of the fundamental issues mimetic theory elucidates, namely that it is on account of such an unconscious image of the “sacred” that vengeful violence has remained for so long a determining element in human history. In a theological key, the study presents human mimesis as a divinely constituted structure that makes possible divine/human intimacy and reciprocity. However, this exalted capacity is perverted. Human sin casts God into the image of an envious rival which corrupts the personal and structural dimensions of human sociality of which the so-called “human rights crisis” is but a contemporary manifestation. What rules the social order is not the true image of God but a resentful human projection that deceptively demands victims in exchange for peace and security. Thus “mimetic victimage” is the essential clue to the fallenness of nations and their institutions, including the institution of human rights, as well as to the fallenness of individuals in their profound alienation from God, from themselves and from one another. Nonetheless, mimesis is also a structure of hope and transcendent longing. So understood, it opens the way to a profound and practical appropriation of the meaning of Christ as the restoration of the image of God in humanity whereby rivalistic resentment, the epicenter of the human predicament, is undone through forgiveness. While there is an enabling aspect to violence when it restrains and coerces us for our benefit as we rightly fear the greater violence that might ensue in its absence, the study also argues that because mimetic human agents carry out the “deed of the law”, the human rights system cannot overcome the mimetic impulse. As a judicial system, human rights belong structurally to the same order as the system they seek to correct. This ambiguity takes on special significance in the “age of annihilation”. For the first time in history limitless violence has become feasible through weapons capable of planetary destruction so that humanity not only faces its own complicity with violence, but also the relative powerlessness of the human rights project to keep its mimetic escalation in check. This raises the central question of the study. If the institution of human rights cannot offer a rigorous critique of structural violence, let alone free humanity from complicity with it, where shall the world place its hope for a more humane future? It concludes that such a hope is not to be found in the proliferation of rights norms and their enforcement but in the transformation of human desire through the restoration of the true image of God as revealed in the Christ-event. This revelation judges as futile all attempts at human sociality that retain violence as their hidden core. Thus God’s freedom granting action in history is both revelatory and “political”: in its prophetic stance against the powers of human sin and domination, it calls humanity to its true vocation to be the image of God grounded in a new pacific mimesis that resonates freely and unflinchingly with the self-giving love of God in Christ.

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موضوع: Educating for Human Rights and Global Citizenship 23/2/2010, 1:15 pm

الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 000b7bb1_medium

Educating for Human Rights and Global Citizenship
Ali A. Abdi, Lynette Shultz
State University of New York Press 2008
266 pages
5,1 MB

Nearly sixty years after the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in spite of progress on some fronts, we are in many cases as far away as ever from achieving an inclusive citizenship and human rights for all. While human rights violations continue to affect millions across the world, there are also ongoing contestations regarding citizenship. In response to these and related issues, the contributors to this book critique both historical and current practices and suggest several pragmatic options, highlighting the role of education in attaining these noble yet unachieved objectives. This book represents a welcome addition to the human rights and global citizenship literature and provides ideas for new platforms that are human rights friendly and expansively attuned toward global citizenship.

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A Dialogical Approach to Human Rights
Institutions, Culture and Legitimacy
الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 2sz6

Hlavac, Monica Anne
Dissertation 2009
Duke University

Abstract
In this study I address the moral and cultural disagreement and conflict regarding the interpretation of human rights norms that threatens the legitimacy of the human rights enterprise. Such disagreements present an opportunity to probe, question and dissect beliefs to uncover inconsistencies and false assumptions and attain a deeper insight into human rights norms that are presently left in a rather abstract form in international human rights documents and conventions.

I describe and defend an institutionally-driven dialogical approach that promises to systematically address these moral and cultural disagreements. My approach rests on two claims. First, clearer content for human rights norms will emerge from within particular cultures if critical cultural and moral investigation through dialogue is encouraged. By engaging in dialogical processes, we not only discharge our obligation to aid in a process that leads to a fair specification of human rights norms, but we also come to understand how human rights norms are, at their very core, participative.

Second, one way that international human rights institutions (IHRIs) can legitimately fulfill their function of supporting human rights is by encouraging critical moral investigation through dialogue. I make this proposal more concrete by discussing the case law on the issue of transsexuals that has come before the European Court of Human Rights.

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Historical Dictionary of Human Rights and Humanitarian Organizations
Robert F. Gorman
The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 2007
488 pages
3,3 MB

A unique one-stop source for vital information on the background and history of human rights theory and practice in the international arena, the "Historical Dictionary of Human Rights and Humanitarian Organizations" provides extensive background on the creation and ideals of these important organizations. The authors begin their study by giving a chronology of important events in the history of human rights and introducing their readers to the ancient Hebrew and Roman philosophies that inspired the beginnings of these protective organizations.

Alphabetical entries give brief synopses of each organization and list treaties, founding members, related organizations, and addresses. Also included are entries describing pertinent human rights terminology, treaties, and individuals who have played important roles in the development of international human rights. With bibliography, lists of acronyms and abbreviations, and appendixes containing full listings of many international human rights documents. Essential for all law, sociology, international relations, or policy study collections.

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The law of peoples, human rights and minority rights
a study of legitimacy and international justice
الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 2sz6

Vaca Paniagua, Moises
Thesis (Master, Philosophy)
Queen's University, 2007

Abstract
Severe poverty and ethnic-conflicts are the two most devastating problems of the contemporary world. Eighteen million persons die every year from causes related to poverty and a vast amount of developing countries suffer from tremendous processes of destabilization –frequently involving highly violent actions– associated to the relations between majority and minority groups. In both cases, the intervention of international powers and institutions has not been helpful enough to make a difference, and this present reality projects itself as a distressing scene for the future. Human rights and minority rights are the most powerful international tools in trying to change this sad global scenario. However, there is an extensive debate on the nature of these rights in a theory of international justice.

This is often characterized as a debate between “minimalist” who seek to reduce the currently –recognized list of human rights to a bare minimum in order to accommodate non-liberal societies, and more expansive liberal approaches, which seek to expand the list of human rights to include the full set of civil and political rights characteristic of modern liberal-democracies. In this thesis, I will argue in favour of a third position. In line with some of the more minimalist approaches, I will argue that constraints of legitimacy rule out attempts to include full civil and political rights into our list of human rights. However, I will argue that these same constraints of legitimacy advocates for expanding the currently-recognized list of human rights in at least two key respects: the recognition of certain basic social and economic rights; and the recognition of certain minority rights. In short, we should be minimalist on some issues, while more expansive in others. In developing this argument, I will relay on the framework provided by The Law of Peoples of John Rawls.

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The Human Rights Field Operation
Law, Theory and Practice
Michael O'Flaherty
Ashgate Pub Co 2007
467 pages
1.17 MB

This volume assesses the development of human rights field operations of the United Nations and other intergovernmental organizations. It makes a substantial contribution to the debate and understanding with regard to the sector's underlying doctrine. The book, unprecedented in its scope, addresses the range of aspects of the nature, role and activities of field operations. It draws together the reflections of academics, policy makers and field practitioners. Its analysis is located within the context of applicable normative and ethical frameworks, assessment of former and current practice and examination of complementary and analogous experiences. The book will be an essential resource for all those actively involved in human rights field work as well as for policy makers and academics and students involved in Human Rights research.

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Who Benefits?
The Effects of Foreign Aid and Foreign Direct Investment on Human Rights
الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 2sz6

Moses, Misty
Master of Arts, Department of Political Science,
University of North Texas 2007

The global emphasis on human rights has generated a surge of studies into what causes regimes to abuse the basic rights of their citizens. Causes of abuse can be internal or external in nature, based on economics, politics or cultures. This study examines the effects of foreign aid and foreign direct investment on three types of human rights: personal integrity, civil and political, and subsistence. I perform ordinary least squares regression analyses with panel-corrected standard errors on a pooled cross-sectional time series design incorporating 127 countries from 1976 to 1996. While my results are not significant, it is important to observe that there is a tendency toward negative relationships for the majority of the analyses.

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موضوع: The Politics of Human Rights: A Global Perspective 4/3/2010, 9:48 pm

الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 000b0b45_medium

The Politics of Human Rights
A Global Perspective
Tony Evans
Pluto Press 2001
196 pages
1.03 MB

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موضوع: Human Rights According to Marxism 4/3/2010, 9:52 pm

Human Rights According to Marxism
Eric Engle
الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 2sz6

Harvard University - Harvard Law School; Universit?t Bremen
September 16, 2008
Guild Practitioner, Vol. 65, No. 249

Abstract:
Marxism sees liberal individualist freedoms as a step up from feudalism but not as the end of historical development. Marxism defends not just negative "freedoms from" (procedural justice) but also affirmative "rights to" (claims). However, rights are contextualized in Marxism by the logic of socialist development rather than capitalism. Thus, rights are collective, social, relative and substantive rather than individual, absolute and procedural. The Marxist critique of fundamental rights and freedoms is a dialectic between first and second generation rights. This article presents a detailed explanation of the Marxist conception of human rights and critique of capitalist individual freedoms. Rights and freedoms are best seen not as conflicting but as complementing each other.

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موضوع: Human Rights and Structural Adjustment 4/3/2010, 9:56 pm

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Human Rights and Structural Adjustment
M. Rodwan Abouharb, David Cingranelli
Cambridge University Press 2008
290 pages
1 MB

'Structural adjustment' has been a central part of the development strategy for the 'third world'. Loans made by the World Bank and the IMF have been conditional on developing countries pursuing rapid economic liberalization programmes as it was believed this would strengthen their economies in the long run. M. Rodwan Abouharb and David Cingranelli argue that, conversely, structural adjustment agreements usually cause increased hardship for the poor, greater civil conflict, and more repression of human rights, therefore resulting in a lower rate of economic development. Greater exposure to structural adjustment has increased the prevalence of anti-government protests, riots and rebellion. It has led to less respect for economic and social rights, physical integrity rights, and worker rights, but more respect for democratic rights. Based on these findings, the authors recommend a human rights-based approach to economic development.

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Protecting Human Rights in a Democracy
What Role for the Courts?
الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 2sz6

Michael J. Perry
Emory University School of Law; University of San Diego - School of Law and Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies (2009-2012)
Wake Forest Law Review, Vol. 38

Abstract:
A growing number of democracies have empowered their judiciaries to enforce constitutional norms, many of the most important of which are human rights norms that, as articulated, serve principally to limit the power of government. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (1996) provides a recent important example of such judicial empowerment. This "global expansion of judicial power" - which has been called "one of the most significant trends in late-twentieth and early twenty-first-century government" - has led, in the view of some commentators, to "the judicialization of politics". Some prominent legal scholars - most notably, Mark Tushnet and Jeremy Waldron - have recently argued that such government by judiciary, especially American-style judicial review, subverts the democratic ideal of government by the people and is therefore deeply problematic. Less prosaically, the claim is that government by a politically independent judiciary subverts the democratic ideal of government by the politically dependent, because electorally accountable, representatives of the people.

The question is more broadly relevant than ever, therefore, whether it is appropriate for the citizens of a liberal democracy to cede to their courts the power to oppose, in the name of one or more entrenched human rights norms, choices made by, or actions of, electorally accountable government officials. In pursing this inquiry, two other, related questions inevitably emerge: If some power to protect entrenched human rights should be ceded to the courts, how great ought that power to be in relation to the power of the other, electorally accountable parts of government? And in exercising the power ceded to them - a power to pass judgment on the choices and actions of electorally accountable government officials - should the courts defer as much as possible to those offificials, or to some of them; or, instead, should the courts abjure such deference?

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موضوع: Globalization And Human Rights 4/3/2010, 10:10 pm

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Globalization And Human Rights
Alma Kadragic
Chelsea House Publications 2005
132 Pages
1.3 MB

these books are meant to help youth understand, discuss, and find answers to questions raised by globalization. Yet the introduction to the series claims the books are for lay people. Young adults might find the material somewhat advanced: In this book, the interrelationship between globalization and human rights is examined. Whether or not globalization is responsible for human rights violations, it is asked to eradicate them. At the end of World War II, the United Nations codified a guarantee for international human rights. The document essentially adopted the U.S. Bill of Rights and added economic, social, and cultural mandates.

Enforcement has taken various forms: exposure, shaming, diplomacy, protest, and military intervention. Some believe a long-term solution to international abuses is the economic development of countries through free-trade agreements and outsourcing. Others claim this profit-driven solution actually encourages inhumane treatment of workers, especially women and children. Many advocacy non-governmental organizations work to improve human rights globally by using the media and the Internet to inform and influence the public, which can then open a political dialog toward reform.

The book looks at many faces, from a new "zippy" Indian call-center worker to an Indian child begging on the street. Photos, an appendix of human rights organizations, a glossary, notes, a bibliography, and an index complete this important discussion. There are copyediting errors. 2006, Chelsea HousePublishers, Ages 15 up.

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موضوع: Human Rights as Morality, Human Rights as Law 4/3/2010, 10:17 pm

Human Rights as Morality, Human Rights as Law
Michael J. Perry
الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 2sz6

Emory University School of Law; University of San Diego - School of Law and Joan B. Kroc School of Peace Studies (2009-2012)
September 27, 2008
Emory Public Law Research Paper No. 08-45
San Diego Legal Studies Paper No. 08-079

Abstract:
There has been growing interest in, and scholarly attention to, issues and questions that arise within the subject matter domain we may call "human rights theory". See, in particular, Amartya Sen, "Elements of a Theory of Human Rights," 32 Philosophy & Public Affairs 315 (2004); James W. Nickel, Making Sense of Human Rights (rev. ed. 2006); Michael J. Perry, Toward a Theory of Human Rights: Religion, Law, Courts (2007); James Griffin, On Human Rights (2008); Nicholas Wolterstorff, Justice: Rights and Wrongs (2008). This essay - a version of which will appear in a multi-authored collection of essays to be published by Oxford University Press in 2009 - is intended as a contribution to human rights theory. These are the principal questions, or sets of questions, I address in the essay:
1. What is the morality of human rights - by which I mean the morality that, according to the International Bill of Human Rights, is the principal warrant for the law of human rights?
2. How does the morality of human rights warrant the law of human rights?
3. Some human-rights-claims are legal claims, but some are moral claims, and some are both. What does a human-rights-claim of the legal sort mean? A human-rights-claim of the moral sort? And when does it make sense to think of a right that only some human beings have - children, for example - as a human right?
4. Is there a plausible secular ground for the morality of human rights?
5. At the end of the proverbial day, what difference does it make - why should we care - if there is no plausible secular ground for the morality of human rights?

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جزاك الله كل خير

موضوع: Human and Civil Rights: Essential Primary Sources 17/3/2010, 4:23 pm

الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 091728282117

Human and Civil Rights
Essential Primary Sources
By K. Lee Lerner
Publisher: Thomson Gale 2006
557 pages
13.4 mb

Human and Civil Rights: Essential Primary Sources provides insight into over two centuries of struggle for human and civil rights and the issues that struggle engenders. The resources in Human and Civil Rights: Essential Primary Sources provide evidence to support the assertions of the U.N. Declaration and in doing so represent rights as natural rights (e.g. those of life, liberty, pursuit of property) and as expressions of the highest democratic ideals of equality, justice, and political and religious liberty. The resources also provide insight into emerging concepts of rights as related to security and privacy in times of both war and peace.

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موضوع: Human Welfare, Not Human Rights 17/3/2010, 4:27 pm

Human Welfare, Not Human Rights
Eric A. Posner
الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 2sz6

University of Chicago - Law School
March 2008
U of Chicago Law & Economics, Olin Working Paper No. 394
U of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 207

Abstract:
Human rights treaties play an important role in international relations but they lack a foundation in moral philosophy and doubts have been raised about their effectiveness for constraining states. Drawing on ideas from the literature on economic development, this paper argues that international concern should be focused on human welfare rather than on human rights.

A focus on welfare has three advantages. First, the proposition that governments should advance the welfare of their populations enjoys broader international and philosophical support than do the various rights that are incorporated in the human rights treaties. Second, the human rights treaties are both too rigid and too vague - they do not allow governments to adopt reasonable policies that advance welfare at the expense of rights, and they do not set forth rules governing how states may trade off rights.

A welfare treaty could provide guidance by supplying a maximand along with verifiable measures of compliance. Third, the human rights regime and international development policy work at cross-purposes. Development policy favors the poorest states, while the human rights regime condemns the states with the worst governments: unfortunately, the poorest states usually have the worst governments. Various possible welfare treaties are surveyed.

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الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 09180145729

Human Rights at the UN
The Political History of Universal Justice
Indiana University Press 2007
528 pages
10,6 mb

International human rights law is based primarily on Western values and jurisprudence, but strong challenges from Asia and Africa have stimulated a lively debate over the issue. Thankfully, the current cultural gap has been bridged successfully by the team of Normand (Lahore Univ., Pakistan) and Zaidi (Center for Economic and Social Rights), who have produced an illuminating intellectual fusion. The authors carefully examine the historical background prior to WW II, and then distinguish between group and individual rights in the development of UN principles and covenants.

They stress the lack of enforcement mechanisms, but praise the UN for giving birth to the modern human rights regime. Not surprisingly, they blame the Cold War for the evident defects as the US and USSR were both reluctant to accept limitations on sovereignty. The end of the Cold War helped further the UN human rights agenda, but it still remained dependent on voluntary state compliance with soft norms and policy targets. Normand and Zaidi are strongly critical of recent US policy, thus the latter sections of the book are increasingly polemical, but the authors do clearly announce that they are human rights activists, not just scholars. Summing Up: Recommended.

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موضوع: Mainstreaming Human Rights 17/3/2010, 4:34 pm

Mainstreaming Human Rights
الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 2sz6

Christopher McCrudden
University of Oxford - Faculty of Law
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE COMMUNITY: RIGHTS AS AGENTS FOR CHANGE, Colin Harvey, ed., Hart, 2004

Abstract:
The advent of the Human Rights Act 1998 has significantly increased consideration of how best to ensure the effective delivery of human rights in the United Kingdom. In this paper I examine an additional mechanism, the "mainstreaming" of human rights in governmental decision-making, which may help to address some of the limits of existing approaches to human rights compliance. By "mainstreaming," I mean the reorganization, improvement, development and evaluation of policy processes, so that a human rights perspective is incorporated in all policies at all levels and at all stages, by the actors normally involved in policy-making. My discussion of the issue reaches the conclusion that mainstreaming human rights is a desirable policy but that there is a need for considerably more discussion as to the most effective practical means of achieving this and that some methods that have been suggested might be counter-productive. I attempt to draw out some of the issues that need to be considered in adopting mainstreaming. In particular, the applicability of existing approaches to equality mainstreaming to human rights is examined.

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الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 12213056829

Human Rights and Reform
Changing the Face of North African Politics
By Susan E. Waltz
University of California Press 1995
303 pages
10.3 mb

Independence from colonial rule did not usher in the halcyon days many North Africans had hoped for, as the new governments in Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria soon came to rely on repression to reinforce and maintain power.

In response to widespread human rights abuses, individuals across the Maghrib began to form groups in the late 1970s to challenge the political practices and structures in the region, and over time these independent human rights organizations became prominent political actors. The activists behind them are neither saints nor revolutionaries, but political reformers intent on changing political patterns that have impeded democratization.

This study, the first systematic comparative analysis of North African politics in more than a decade, explores the ability of society, including Islamist forces, to challenge the powers of states. Locating Maghribi polities within their cultural and historical contexts, Waltz traces state-society relations in the contemporary period. Even as Algeria totters at the brink of civil war and security concerns rise across the region, the human rights groups Susan Waltz examines implicitly challenge the authoritarian basis of political governance. Their efforts have not led to the democratic transition many had hoped, but human rights have become a crucial new element of North African political discourse.

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موضوع: Judicial Comparativism and Human Rights 17/3/2010, 4:39 pm

Judicial Comparativism and Human Rights
الموسوعة الكبرى لحقوق الإنسان: أكثر من 100 كتاب ودراسة أجنبية حديثة - تابعونا - 2sz6

Christopher McCrudden
University of Oxford - Faculty of Law
Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No. 29/2007
COMPARATIVE LAW: A HANDBOOK, Esin ?rücü, David Nelken, eds., pp. 371-398, 2007

Abstract:
This paper critically examines recent debates about the appropriate relationship between human rights interpretation and comparative legal methods. These debates have increased significantly in the past decade, and are by no means exhausted. This has occurred in part because of the increased citation by judges of 'foreign' legal materials, in particular judicial opinions, from jurisdictions that have no legal authority in the 'receiving' jurisdiction.

Courts are playing an impressive role in the creation of what some see as a 'common law of human rights' or, in the context of Europe, 'a ius commune of human rights'. How human rights interpretation develops by making extensive use of comparative law is an intriguing example of the utilisation of comparative law by courts. Debates about the appropriateness of this have proven useful in illuminating aspects of both comparative law and human rights interpretation.

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