مؤلفات أبو علم الاجتماع الأمريكى Lester Frank Ward

Lester Frank Ward
June 18, 1841 — April 18, 1913

I have always maintained that
sociology is a science of liberation and not of restraint.
L. F. Ward, Pure Sociology (1914)

From: American Sociological Association
Lester Frank Ward, described by some of the father of American sociology, was born June 18, 1841 in Joliet, Illinois, the son of Justus Ward and Silence Rolph. The Ward family was not wealthy so there was no extra money with which to send Lester to school for a formal education. Instead, Ward was self educated in his youth. Some reports indicate that Ward taught himself five languages. His studies also included mathematics and geology.

The Ward family moved from Illinois to Myersburg, Pennsylvania while Frank was still a boy. By day Ward joined his brother Cyrenus in their hub, or wagon wheel, shop. By night he devoured books and developed a craving for knowledge and study. Some believe that Ward's childhood spent in poverty, followed later by hard labor in the wagon shop, instilled in Ward an outrage at society's injustice and inequalities.

In the early 1860's Ward attended classes at the Susquehana Collegiate Institute in Towanada. On August 13, 1862 he married Elizabeth "Lizzie" Caroline Bought (some sources give her name as "Vought"). When the Civil War broke out, Ward joined a local Pennsylvania regiment and was seriously wounded at Chancellorville. Like many soldiers away from home to fight in the war, Ward kept a journal. This journal, which was found many years after his death, was published (and is still available today) under the title, Young Ward's Diary: A Human and Eager Record of the Years Between 1860 and 1870 as They Were Lived. Some of his thinking about society and inequality developed further during his Civil War experience and the years that followed.

After the war he began working for the federal government while continuing his self-education. From 1865 to 1881 Ward was employed by the United States Treasury Department. After many years of saving and waiting, Ward finally fulfilled his dream when he started to study at Columbian College (now The George Washington University) from which he received the A.B. degree in 1869, the LL.B. degree in 1871, and the A.M. degree in 1872.

In 1882 Ward was appointed Assistant Geologist for the U.S. Geological Survey, a post he held for two years. He served the USGS for the remainder of his career in the federal government, receiving promotions to Geologist in 1889, and Paleontologist in 1892
In addition to his USGS work, Ward was appointed Honorary Curator of the Department of Fossil Plants in the US National Museum in 1882. He remainded in charge of tha national collections of fossil plants until his retirement from the USGS in 1905.

After a career in the federal government, Ward embarked upon a new career. In 1905 he wrote to James Quayle Dealey of Brown University to inquire about the possibilty of teaching at Brown. Dealey responded favorably. After negotiations with the University's President, William Faunce, Ward was offered a teaching position in late 1905. He moved to Providence in the fall of 1906. Rafferty described Ward's move: "Ward's arrival at Brown University was to be the climx of his tellectual career, the highlight of a long journey studying and writing about social and scientific subjects."

Ward is best remembered for his pioneering work in sociology. Between 1883 and his death in 1913, he completed several important works including Dynamic Sociology (1883), Outlines of Sociology (1898), Pure Sociology (1903), and Applied Sociology (1906). Ward's most important contribution to sociology was his insistence that social laws, once identified, can be harnessed and controlled.

Ward supported the idea of equality of women as well as the equality of all classes and races in society. He believed in universal education as a means of achieving this equality. Many of his ideas were unpopular among his male contemporaries, but would probably play better to an audience today.

In the summer of 1905, Ward and a number of prominent colleagues began corresponding with sociologists around the country about the possibility of forming a new society specifically for sociologists. In December 1905, as part of the Annual Meeting of the American Economics Association, Ward and others met in Baltimore to debate the issue. Ultimately they acted to form a new society, the American Sociological Society. Ward was surprised when he was selected to serve as the first President of the new society for 1906 and 1907.

Beginning in 1911, Ward's health was in decline. He continued working and teaching until shortly before his death in Washington, DC on April 18, 1913.
Upon his death in 1913, Ward willed his personal library and many of his papers to Brown University. The Ward materials at the John Hay Library at Brown University in Providence, RI (MS 90-23) encompass about 5,400 items including scrapbooks and portfolios of personal papers, notes, transcripts, and proofs of published works, and a diary in French (1860-1869). This group is individually catalogued. Correspondence (1865-1913) includes about 5,800 items chiefly to Ward concerning professional matters. Less than half of this group is catalogued individually; the remainder being accessible through a register. The two main series, the correspondence and the writings, are available on microfilm. The latter series is subdivided into unpublished writings and manuscripts of published monographs.

مؤلفات أبو علم الاجتماع الأمريكى Lester Frank Ward 450px-WARD-MOOREHEAD

Lester Frank Ward
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lester F. Ward (June 18, 1841–April 18, 1913) was an American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist. He served as the first president of the American Sociological Association.

Ward's works and ideas:
Ward was born in Joliet, Illinois. By the early 1880s the new field of sociology had become dominated by ideologues of the left and right, both determined to claim "the science of society" as their own. The champion of the conservatives and businessmen was Herbert Spencer; he was opposed on the left by Karl Marx. Although Spencer and Marx disagreed about many things they were similar in that their systems were static: they both claimed to have devined the immutable stages of development that a society went through and they both taught that mankind was essentially helpless before the force of evolution.

With the publication of Dynamic Sociology in 1883, Lester Ward hoped to restore the central importance of experimentation and the scientific method to the field of sociology. For Ward science wasn't cold or impersonal, it was human centered and results oriented. As he put it in the Preface to Dynamic Sociology: "The real object of science is to benefit man. A science which fails to do this, however agreeable its study, is lifeless. Sociology, which of all sciences should benefit man most, is in danger of falling into the class of polite amusements, or dead sciences. It is the object of this work to point out a method by which the breath of life may be breathed into its nostrils."

Ward theorized that poverty could be minimized or eliminated by the systematic intervention of society. Mankind wasn't helpless before the impersonal force of nature and evolution – through the power of Mind, man could take control of the situation and direct the evolution of human society. This theory is known as telesis. Also see: meliorism, sociocracy and public sociology. A sociology which intelligently and scientifically directed the social and economic development of society should institute a universal and comprehensive system of education, regulate competition, connect the people together on the basis of equal opportunities and cooperation, and promote the happiness and the freedom of everyone.

Ward was a strong advocate for equal rights for women and even theorized that women were naturally superior to men, much to the scorn of mainstream sociologists. In this regard, Ward presaged the rise of feminism, and especially the difference feminism of writer's such as Harvard's Carol Gilligan, who have developed the claims of female superiority. Ward is now considered a feminist writer by historians such as Ann Taylor Allen.

While Marx and communism/socialism didn't catch on in the United States, Spencer and his theories of social Darwinism (note: Ward disliked the term social Darwinism and objected to Darwin's name being applied to theories advocated by Spencer and his supporters. See Discussion page for a quote by Ward on this issue.) became famous: he was the leading light for conservatives and the power elite. Ward placed himself in direct opposition to Spencer and Spencer's American disciple, William Graham Sumner, who had become the most well known and widely read American sociologist by single-mindedly promoting the principles of laissez faire and survival of the fittest. To quote the historian Henry Steele Commager: "Ward was the first major scholar to attack this whole system of negativist and absolutist sociology and he remains the ablest.... Before Ward could begin to formulate that science of society which he hoped would inaugurate an era of such progress as the world had not yet seen, he had to destroy the superstitions that still held domain over the mind of his generation. Of these, laissez faire was the most stupefying, and it was on the doctrine of laissez faire that he trained his heaviest guns. The work of demolition performed in Dynamic Sociology, Psychic Factors and Applied Sociology was thorough."

As a political approach, Ward's system became known as social liberalism, as distinguished from the classical liberalism of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries which featured such thinkers as Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill. While classical liberalism had sought prosperity and progress through laissez faire, Ward's social liberalism sought to enhance social progress through direct government intervention. Ward believed that in large, complex and rapidly growing societies human freedom could only be achieved with the assistance of a strong democratic government acting in the interest of the individual. The characteristic element of Ward's thinking was his faith that government, acting on the empirical and scientifically based findings of the science of sociology, could be harnessed to create a near-utopian social order. In this sense, his views have been labeled by some conservative critics as a sort of "soft Marxism".

However any objective review of Ward's work would show that he had little in common with Marx, other than a concern for the dispossessed. Ward views would be more accurately described as pragmatic: he was in favor of what works, what is effective, and he dismissed socialism's claim that the government should own all means of production as untested and unproven.
Ward is often ignored or marginalized when the history of sociology is taught today, but at the turn of the 19th and 20th century he was well known, widely studied and highly respected (as could be seen when he was elected the first president of the American Sociological Association). Ward's thinking had a profound impact on the administrations of Presidents Woodrow Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt and the modern Democratic Party. The liberalism of the Democrats today is not that of Smith and Mill, which stressed non-interference from the government in economic issues, but of Ward, which stressed the unique position of government to effect positive change. In this sense, Ward's thinking typified the idealism of American progressivism at the turn of the last century, and its faith in a scientifically managed, interventionist government.

While Roosevelt's experiments in social engineering were popular and effective, the full effect of the forces Ward set in motion came to bear half a century after his death, in the Great Society programs of President Lyndon B. Johnson. As Commager put it, "...he [Ward] never fully understood the pressures which in the last analysis control policy. The most penetrating of men, he penetrated to possibilities rather than to actualities; the most rational of men, he made too little allowance for irrationality. Like Sumner he was a product of the age of reason, confident that in the end the reason of man would assure his felicity."

Ward realized that the path to human progress was not easy or smooth and he hoped that the science of sociology, a science which was but in its infancy, would have the ability to learn from past mistakes and creatively, dynamicly and energeticly deal with problems as they develop and advise the government authorities as to the proper way forward in an increasingly complex and interdependent world. Ward died in Washington, D.C

مؤلفات عالم الاجتماع ليستر فرانك وورد
(أضف رداً حتى تظهر لك الروابط)

Lester Frank Ward Major works
Contemporary Sociology - 1902

Applied Sociology:
A Treatise on the Conscious Improvement of Society by Society - 1906

Contributions to Social Philosophy - 1895–97

Dynamic Sociology_vol.1 - 1883

Dynamic Sociology_vol.2 - 1897

Outline Sociology - 1898, reprint 1913

Psychic Factors of Civilization - 1893

Pure Sociology:
A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society - 1903

Textbook Sociology

شكرا على التعاون

شكراااااااااااااااااااااااااااااااا

algohiny كتب:: thank you

Lester Frank Ward
June 18, 1841 — April 18, 1913

I have always maintained that
sociology is a science of liberation and not of restraint.
L. F. Ward, Pure Sociology (1914)

From: American Sociological Association
Lester Frank Ward, described by some of the father of American sociology, was born June 18, 1841 in Joliet, Illinois, the son of Justus Ward and Silence Rolph. The Ward family was not wealthy so there was no extra money with which to send Lester to school for a formal education. Instead, Ward was self educated in his youth. Some reports indicate that Ward taught himself five languages. His studies also included mathematics and geology.

The Ward family moved from Illinois to Myersburg, Pennsylvania while Frank was still a boy. By day Ward joined his brother Cyrenus in their hub, or wagon wheel, shop. By night he devoured books and developed a craving for knowledge and study. Some believe that Ward's childhood spent in poverty, followed later by hard labor in the wagon shop, instilled in Ward an outrage at society's injustice and inequalities.

In the early 1860's Ward attended classes at the Susquehana Collegiate Institute in Towanada. On August 13, 1862 he married Elizabeth "Lizzie" Caroline Bought (some sources give her name as "Vought"). When the Civil War broke out, Ward joined a local Pennsylvania regiment and was seriously wounded at Chancellorville. Like many soldiers away from home to fight in the war, Ward kept a journal. This journal, which was found many years after his death, was published (and is still available today) under the title, Young Ward's Diary: A Human and Eager Record of the Years Between 1860 and 1870 as They Were Lived. Some of his thinking about society and inequality developed further during his Civil War experience and the years that followed.

After the war he began working for the federal government while continuing his self-education. From 1865 to 1881 Ward was employed by the United States Treasury Department. After many years of saving and waiting, Ward finally fulfilled his dream when he started to study at Columbian College (now The George Washington University) from which he received the A.B. degree in 1869, the LL.B. degree in 1871, and the A.M. degree in 1872.

In 1882 Ward was appointed Assistant Geologist for the U.S. Geological Survey, a post he held for two years. He served the USGS for the remainder of his career in the federal government, receiving promotions to Geologist in 1889, and Paleontologist in 1892
In addition to his USGS work, Ward was appointed Honorary Curator of the Department of Fossil Plants in the US National Museum in 1882. He remainded in charge of tha national collections of fossil plants until his retirement from the USGS in 1905.

After a career in the federal government, Ward embarked upon a new career. In 1905 he wrote to James Quayle Dealey of Brown University to inquire about the possibilty of teaching at Brown. Dealey responded favorably. After negotiations with the University's President, William Faunce, Ward was offered a teaching position in late 1905. He moved to Providence in the fall of 1906. Rafferty described Ward's move: "Ward's arrival at Brown University was to be the climx of his tellectual career, the highlight of a long journey studying and writing about social and scientific subjects."

Ward is best remembered for his pioneering work in sociology. Between 1883 and his death in 1913, he completed several important works including Dynamic Sociology (1883), Outlines of Sociology (1898), Pure Sociology (1903), and Applied Sociology (1906). Ward's most important contribution to sociology was his insistence that social laws, once identified, can be harnessed and controlled.

Ward supported the idea of equality of women as well as the equality of all classes and races in society. He believed in universal education as a means of achieving this equality. Many of his ideas were unpopular among his male contemporaries, but would probably play better to an audience today.

In the summer of 1905, Ward and a number of prominent colleagues began corresponding with sociologists around the country about the possibility of forming a new society specifically for sociologists. In December 1905, as part of the Annual Meeting of the American Economics Association, Ward and others met in Baltimore to debate the issue. Ultimately they acted to form a new society, the American Sociological Society. Ward was surprised when he was selected to serve as the first President of the new society for 1906 and 1907.

Beginning in 1911, Ward's health was in decline. He continued working and teaching until shortly before his death in Washington, DC on April 18, 1913.
Upon his death in 1913, Ward willed his personal library and many of his papers to Brown University. The Ward materials at the John Hay Library at Brown University in Providence, RI (MS 90-23) encompass about 5,400 items including scrapbooks and portfolios of personal papers, notes, transcripts, and proofs of published works, and a diary in French (1860-1869). This group is individually catalogued. Correspondence (1865-1913) includes about 5,800 items chiefly to Ward concerning professional matters. Less than half of this group is catalogued individually; the remainder being accessible through a register. The two main series, the correspondence and the writings, are available on microfilm. The latter series is subdivided into unpublished writings and manuscripts of published monographs.

جزاك الله كل خير وانا بصراحه بعتبرك استاذى
من علمنى حرفا صرت له مطيعا
وبارك الله فيك

حياكم الله

موضوع: شكرا 18/12/2009, 5:52 pm

شكرا لكم

الف شكر

موضوع: تشكّرات 16/1/2010, 12:07 pm

algohiny كتب:: مؤلفات عالم الاجتماع ليستر فرانك وورد
(أضف رداً حتى تظهر لك الروابط)

Lester Frank Ward Major works
Contemporary Sociology - 1902

Applied Sociology:
A Treatise on the Conscious Improvement of Society by Society - 1906

Contributions to Social Philosophy - 1895–97

Dynamic Sociology_vol.1 - 1883

Dynamic Sociology_vol.2 - 1897

Outline Sociology - 1898, reprint 1913

Psychic Factors of Civilization - 1893

Pure Sociology:
A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society - 1903

Textbook Sociology

شكرا على الموضوعات القيمة وبورك فيكم

الحمد لله
جزاكم الله كل خير

merci
1,2,3 viva l'algerie

algohiny كتب:: مؤلفات عالم الاجتماع ليستر فرانك وورد
(أضف رداً حتى تظهر لك الروابط)

Lester Frank Ward Major works
Contemporary Sociology - 1902

Applied Sociology:
A Treatise on the Conscious Improvement of Society by Society - 1906

Contributions to Social Philosophy - 1895–97

Dynamic Sociology_vol.1 - 1883

Dynamic Sociology_vol.2 - 1897

Outline Sociology - 1898, reprint 1913

Psychic Factors of Civilization - 1893

Pure Sociology:
A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society - 1903

Textbook Sociology

مشكوووووووووووووووووووووووووور

بارك الله فيكم ...ومشكورررررين جدا على الافادالت القيمة

بارك الله فيك

مشكورين على المجهود

salam
oi choukran

جزاكم الله كل خير

merci

مشكوررررررررررررررررررررررررررررر

مشكور اخي ع المجهود

merci

جزاك الله كل خير

» عالم الاجتماع الأمريكى روبرت ميرتون
» السيرة الذاتية للبروفسيور مايكل بورواى Michael Burawoy أستاذ علم الاجتماع الأمريكى
» اعترافات علماء الاجتماع: عقم النظرية وقصور المنهج في علم الاجتماع
» أحلام من أبى الرئيس الأمريكى/ باراك أوباما
» اهمية علم الاجتماع لعالم الاجتماع